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Education in Russia is provided predominantly by the state and is regulated by the Ministry of Education and Science. Regional authorities regulate education within their jurisdictions within the prevailing framework of federal laws. In 2004 state spending for education amounted to 3.6% of GDP, or 13% of consolidated state budget. In 2011, the spending on education amounted to $20 billion.〔Education for all by 2015, p. 348〕 Private institutions account for 1% of pre-school enrollment,〔 0.5% of elementary school enrollment〔 and 17% of university-level students.〔 Before 1990 the course of school training in Soviet Union was 10-years, but at the end of 1990 the 11-year course had been officially entered. Education in state-owned secondary schools is free; ''first'' tertiary (university level) education is free with reservations: a substantial number of students are enrolled for full pay. Male and female students have equal shares in all stages of education,〔Education for all by 2015, p. 82 and underlying data tables〕 except tertiary education where women lead with 57%.〔Education for all by 2015, p. 316〕 The literacy rate in Russia, according to a 2015 estimate by the Central Intelligence Agency, is 99.7% (99.7% men, 99.6% women).〔("Country Comparison to the World of Literacy Rate" )〕 According to a 2012 OECD estimate, 53% of Russia's adults (25- to 64-year-olds) has attained a tertiary (college) education, giving Russia the highest attainment of college-level education in the world; the OECD average is 33%.〔("Education at a glance in 2014: Russian Federation" )〕 47.7% have completed secondary education (9 or 10 years old); 26.5% have completed middle school (8 or 9 years old) and 8.1% have elementary education (5 years old). Highest rates of tertiary education, 24.7% are recorded among women aged 35–39 years (compared to 19.5% for men of the same age bracket).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Data tables of 2002 census: Breakdown by level of education )〕 In 2014, the Pearson/Economist Intelligence Unit rated Russian education as 8th best in Europe and 13th best in the world;〔(Top 20 Education Systems ) BBC. ''Source:'' Pearson/Economist Intelligence Unit.〕 Russia's educational attainment was rated as the 21st highest in the world and the students' cognitive skills as the 9th highest.〔(Index - Which countries have the best schools? ) ''Source:'' Pearson〕 Joseph Stiglitz, a former chief economist of the World Bank, states that one of the good things that Russia inherited from the Soviet era is "a high level of education, especially in technical areas so important for the New Economy". ==Pre-school education== According to the 2002 census, 68% of children (78% urban and 47% rural) aged 5 are enrolled in kindergartens.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Data tables of 2002 census: Shares of children aged 3-9 attending school and pre-school institutions )〕 According to UNESCO data, enrollment in ''any'' kind of pre-school programme increased from 67% in 1999 to 84% in 2005.〔Education for all by 2015, pp. 39, 268-269〕 Kindergartens, unlike schools, are regulated by regional and local authorities. The Ministry of Education and Science regulates only a brief pre-school preparation programme for the 5–6-year-old children. In 2004 the government attempted to charge the full cost of kindergartens to the parents; widespread public opposition caused a reversal of policy. Currently, local authorities can legally charge the parents not more than 20% of costs.〔 Twins, children of university students, refugees, Chernobyl veterans and other protected social groups are entitled to free service.〔 The Soviet system provided for nearly universal primary (nursery, age 1 to 3) and kindergarten (age 3 to 7) service in urban areas, relieving working mothers from daytime childcare needs. By the 1980s, there were 88,000 preschool institutions; as the secondary-education study load increased and moved from the ten to eleven-year standard, the kindergarten programmes shifted from training basic social skills, or physical abilities, to preparation for entering the school level. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the number decreased to 46,000; kindergarten buildings were sold as real estate, irreversibly rebuilt and converted for office use.〔 〕 At the same time, a minority share of successful state-owned kindergartens, regarded as a vertical lift to quality schooling, flourished throughout the 1990s.〔 Privately owned kindergartens, although in high demand, did not gain a significant share due to administrative pressure; share of children enrolled in private kindergartens dropped from 7% in 1999 to 1% in 2005.〔Education for all by 2015, p. 269〕 The improvement of the economy after the 1998 crisis, coupled with historical demographic peak, resulted in an increase in birth rate, first recorded in 2005.〔 Large cities encountered shortage of kindergarten vacancies earlier, in 2002. Moscow's kindergarten waiting list included 15,000 children; in the much smaller city of Tomsk (population 488,000) it reached 12,000.〔 〕 The city of Moscow instituted specialised ''kindergarten commissions'' that are tasked with locating empty slots for the children; parents sign their children on the waiting list as soon as they are born. The degree of the problem varies between districts, e.g. Moscow's Fili-Davydkovo District (population 78,000) has lost ''all'' of its kindergartens (residents have to compete for kindergarten slots elsewhere) while Zelenograd claims to have short queue. Independent authors assert that bribes or "donations" for admission to kindergartens compete in amount with university admissions〔 while authorities refute the accusation.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Education in Russia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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